1415. Religious reformers John Wycliffe, the English theologian and founder of the Lollard movement, and the Czech philosopheand accademic Jan Hus were condemned as heretics at the Council of Constance.

1471. Yorkist Edward IV defeated a Lancastrian Army and killed Edward, Prince of Wales at the Battle of Tewkesbury during the Wars of the Roses.

1493. Pope Alexander VI intervened in the conflict between Spain and Portugal over domination of the New World, splitting the world with the Demarcation Line.

1494. Christopher Columbus landed in Jamaica.

1675. King Charles II ordered the construction of the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

1904. Construction began by the United States on the Panama Canal.

1930. British police arrested Mahatma Gandhi and placed him in Yeravda Central Prison.

1972. The Don't Make A Wave Committee, a fledgling environmental organization founded in Canada in 1971, officially changes its name to Greenpeace Foundation.

1979. Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

2000. Ken Livingstone became the first Mayor of London.